Differences in health between women and men are the result of complex interactions between biological, socio-cultural and economic factors. Although anatomical and physiological specificities related to biology inform these differences, other elements must be taken into account. The influence of gender -which refers to the social construction of gender identities and social relations- is a factor of inequality between women and men in health and medical care. Thus, for instance, social gender-related codes influence the way patients express their symptoms and relate to their bodies. In the case of doctors and health care personnel, gender bias may influence the interpretation of the signs and the management of pathologies. Clinical and biomedical research is also permeated by gender stereotypes, which can induce bias in medical experimentation and applications. This report sheds light on this very complex and nuanced issue.