This report forms part of the framework of a mission entrusted to IGAS on professional gender equality linked to family and domestic responsibilities. It describes the economic and social transformations underway in European countries, which reveal a better consideration of parenthood by parents (participation of wage-earning fathers in housework and childcare). Later, the analysis focuses on the practices and contexts surrounding the different actors (wage-earning workers on one side and enterprises on the other) and, finally, issues proposals with a view to encourage an equal share of parental time and housework.